"""Hindustani ragas — the living melodic forms of North Indian classical music.
A *thaat* is a parent scale; a *raga* is what musicians actually play. A
raga is more than its notes: it has an ascending line (*aroha*) and a
descending line (*avaroha*) that often differ, a characteristic catch-
phrase (*pakad*) that identifies it in a few notes, a most-important note
(*vadi*) and its second (*samvadi*), a time of day or season it belongs
to, and an emotional flavour (*rasa*).
This module encodes a representative set of the best-known ragas. Swaras
are written in the usual ASCII sargam:
S Sa (tonic)
r/R komal / shuddha Re g/G komal / shuddha Ga
m/M shuddha / tivra Ma P Pa
d/D komal / shuddha Dha n/N komal / shuddha Ni
A trailing ``'`` raises a swara an octave, a trailing ``.`` lowers it.
Lowercase is komal (flattened), uppercase is shuddha (natural), and ``M``
is tivra (sharpened) Ma.
Ragas vary by gharana and region; these are common, widely-taught forms.
Example::
>>> from pytheory import Raga
>>> yaman = Raga.get("yaman")
>>> yaman.aroha_swaras()
['N.', 'R', 'G', 'M', 'D', 'N', "S'"]
>>> [t.name for t in yaman.scale_tones("C")]
['C', 'D', 'E', 'F#', 'G', 'A', 'B']
>>> yaman.time, yaman.rasa
('evening', 'serene, romantic')
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
from fractions import Fraction
from typing import Optional
# Semitone offset of each swara from Sa.
_SWARA = {
"S": 0, "r": 1, "R": 2, "g": 3, "G": 4, "m": 5,
"M": 6, "P": 7, "d": 8, "D": 9, "n": 10, "N": 11,
}
# Canonical ascending order for listing a raga's distinct swaras.
_SWARA_ORDER = ["S", "r", "R", "g", "G", "m", "M", "P", "d", "D", "n", "N"]
# Just-intonation ratio of each swara from Sa — the 5-limit intervals of
# the shruti system, the intonation a raga is actually meant to be sung
# in (and what the bundled "shruti" tone system encodes). These are what
# make a komal Ga or a tivra Ma sound "right" rather than the tempered
# 12-TET approximation.
_SWARA_JI = {
"S": Fraction(1, 1), "r": Fraction(16, 15), "R": Fraction(9, 8),
"g": Fraction(6, 5), "G": Fraction(5, 4), "m": Fraction(4, 3),
"M": Fraction(45, 32), "P": Fraction(3, 2), "d": Fraction(8, 5),
"D": Fraction(5, 3), "n": Fraction(16, 9), "N": Fraction(15, 8),
}
def _parse(token: str) -> Optional[int]:
"""Parse one sargam token to a semitone offset from Sa (or None)."""
clean = token.replace(",", "").replace("|", "").strip()
if not clean:
return None
letter = clean[0]
if letter not in _SWARA:
return None
offset = _SWARA[letter]
for ch in clean[1:]:
if ch == "'":
offset += 12
elif ch == ".":
offset -= 12
return offset
def _swaras(line: str) -> list[str]:
"""Split a sargam line into clean swara tokens."""
out = []
for tok in line.split():
clean = tok.replace(",", "").replace("|", "").strip()
if clean and clean[0] in _SWARA:
out.append(clean)
return out
class _JustNote:
"""A bare frequency that renders through the normal synth/envelope path.
``_render`` asks a note for ``.pitch()`` and iterates ``.tones``; this
shim answers with an exact just-intoned frequency, so a raga can be
voiced microtonally without snapping to 12-TET.
"""
def __init__(self, hz: float):
self._hz = hz
@property
def tones(self):
return [self]
def pitch(self, **_):
return self._hz
[docs]
class Raga:
"""A Hindustani raga: its melodic rules, mood, and time.
Attributes:
name: the raga's name.
thaat: parent scale (one of the ten thaats).
aroha: ascending line (sargam string).
avaroha: descending line (sargam string).
pakad: characteristic identifying phrase (sargam string).
vadi: the most important (sonant) swara.
samvadi: the second-most important (consonant) swara.
time: the time of day (or season) the raga belongs to.
rasa: its emotional flavour.
aka: alternative names.
"""
[docs]
def __init__(self, name, *, thaat, aroha, avaroha, vadi, samvadi,
time, rasa, pakad=None, aka=None, tradition="hindustani"):
self.name = name
# The parent scale: a thaat for Hindustani ragas, a melakarta for
# Carnatic ones.
self.thaat = thaat
self.tradition = tradition
self.aroha = aroha
self.avaroha = avaroha
self.pakad = pakad
self.vadi = vadi
self.samvadi = samvadi
self.time = time
self.rasa = rasa
self.aka = aka or []
# ── sargam access ────────────────────────────────────────────────
[docs]
def aroha_swaras(self) -> list[str]:
"""The ascending line as a list of sargam tokens."""
return _swaras(self.aroha)
[docs]
def avaroha_swaras(self) -> list[str]:
"""The descending line as a list of sargam tokens."""
return _swaras(self.avaroha)
[docs]
def pakad_swaras(self) -> list[str]:
"""The identifying phrase as sargam tokens (empty if none)."""
return _swaras(self.pakad) if self.pakad else []
@property
def swara_set(self) -> list[str]:
"""The distinct swaras the raga uses, in ascending order."""
used = set()
for line in (self.aroha, self.avaroha):
for tok in _swaras(line):
base = tok[0]
# Keep the accidental letter (r vs R), drop octave marks.
used.add(base)
return [s for s in _SWARA_ORDER if s in used]
@property
def jati(self) -> str:
"""Classification by ascending/descending note counts."""
names = {5: "audav", 6: "shadav", 7: "sampurna"}
a = len({t[0] for t in self.aroha_swaras()})
d = len({t[0] for t in self.avaroha_swaras()})
return f"{names.get(a, a)}-{names.get(d, d)}"
# ── pitched output ───────────────────────────────────────────────
def _tones(self, line: str, sa):
from .tones import Tone
if not isinstance(sa, Tone):
sa = Tone.from_string(sa if any(c.isdigit() for c in str(sa))
else f"{sa}4", system="western")
tones = []
for tok in line.split():
off = _parse(tok)
if off is not None:
tones.append(sa.add(off))
return tones
[docs]
def aroha_tones(self, sa="C4") -> list:
"""The ascending line as :class:`Tone` objects, with Sa = *sa*."""
return self._tones(self.aroha, sa)
[docs]
def avaroha_tones(self, sa="C4") -> list:
"""The descending line as :class:`Tone` objects, with Sa = *sa*."""
return self._tones(self.avaroha, sa)
[docs]
def pakad_tones(self, sa="C4") -> list:
"""The pakad as :class:`Tone` objects (empty if none)."""
return self._tones(self.pakad, sa) if self.pakad else []
[docs]
def scale_tones(self, sa="C") -> list:
"""The raga's distinct tones in one octave, ascending from Sa."""
from .tones import Tone
base = Tone.from_string(f"{sa}4" if not any(c.isdigit() for c in str(sa))
else str(sa), system="western")
return [base.add(_SWARA[s]) for s in self.swara_set]
[docs]
def note_names(self, sa="C") -> list[str]:
"""The raga's distinct note names in the key of *sa*."""
return [t.name for t in self.scale_tones(sa)]
[docs]
def melody(self, sa="C4") -> list:
"""Aroha then avaroha as one :class:`Tone` line — a quick run."""
return self.aroha_tones(sa) + self.avaroha_tones(sa)[1:]
# ── just intonation (shruti) ─────────────────────────────────────
[docs]
def just_ratios(self) -> dict:
"""Each distinct swara's just-intonation ratio from Sa.
These are the shruti intervals — 5-limit ratios like 5/4 for Ga
and 45/32 for tivra Ma — that the raga is meant to be intoned
in, rather than the tempered 12-TET grid.
Example::
>>> Raga.get("yaman").just_ratios()["G"]
Fraction(5, 4)
"""
return {s: _SWARA_JI[s] for s in self.swara_set}
def _just_hz(self, line: str, sa) -> list[float]:
from .tones import Tone
if not isinstance(sa, Tone):
sa = Tone.from_string(sa if any(c.isdigit() for c in str(sa))
else f"{sa}4", system="western")
sa_hz = sa.frequency
out = []
for tok in line.split():
clean = tok.replace(",", "").replace("|", "").strip()
if not clean or clean[0] not in _SWARA_JI:
continue
ratio = _SWARA_JI[clean[0]]
for ch in clean[1:]:
if ch == "'":
ratio *= 2
elif ch == ".":
ratio /= 2
out.append(sa_hz * float(ratio))
return out
[docs]
def just_frequencies(self, sa="C4") -> list[float]:
"""The aroha→avaroha run as just-intoned frequencies (Hz).
Sa is movable: it's pinned to *sa* and the shruti ratios are
built on top, so you get authentic intonation in any key.
"""
return (self._just_hz(self.aroha, sa)
+ self._just_hz(self.avaroha, sa)[1:])
[docs]
def shruti_table(self, sa="C") -> list[dict]:
"""Per-swara intonation detail: ratio, Hz, and cents off 12-TET.
Shows how far each shruti sits from the tempered piano — e.g.
the just major 3rd (Ga, 5/4) is ~14 cents flatter than the
equal-tempered E.
"""
from .tones import Tone
sa_tone = Tone.from_string(
f"{sa}4" if not any(c.isdigit() for c in str(sa)) else str(sa),
system="western")
sa_hz = sa_tone.frequency
rows = []
for s in self.swara_set:
ratio = _SWARA_JI[s]
ji_cents = 1200 * math.log2(float(ratio))
cents_off = ji_cents - _SWARA[s] * 100
rows.append({
"swara": s,
"ratio": f"{ratio.numerator}/{ratio.denominator}",
"note": sa_tone.add(_SWARA[s]).name,
"hz": round(sa_hz * float(ratio), 2),
"cents_off": round(cents_off, 1),
})
return rows
[docs]
def render(self, sa="C4", *, synth="sitar", t=420, envelope="pluck",
just=True, reverb=0.35):
"""Render the aroha→avaroha run to a mono sample buffer.
Notes are laid end to end and a hall reverb is mixed over the
whole phrase, so the tail of one swara bleeds into the next —
much closer to how a raga actually breathes than dry, separate
notes. Returns a NumPy array (no audio device needed).
Args:
sa: the tonic for Sa.
synth: waveform name (default sitar).
t: duration per swara in ms.
envelope: ADSR preset name.
just: just intonation (True, default) vs tempered 12-TET.
reverb: wet mix 0..1 (0 disables); default 0.35.
"""
import numpy
from .play import _render, _apply_reverb, Synth, Envelope, SAMPLE_RATE
s = Synth[synth.upper()]
env = Envelope[envelope.upper()]
if just:
notes = [_JustNote(hz) for hz in self.just_frequencies(sa)]
else:
notes = self.melody(sa)
buffers = [_render(n, synth=s, t=t, envelope=env) for n in notes]
buf = numpy.concatenate(buffers).astype(numpy.float32)
if reverb and reverb > 0:
# Pad so the reverb tail isn't clipped off the end.
tail = numpy.zeros(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 1.5), dtype=numpy.float32)
buf = _apply_reverb(numpy.concatenate([buf, tail]), mix=reverb)
return buf
[docs]
def play(self, sa="C4", *, synth="sitar", t=420, envelope="pluck",
just=True, reverb=0.35):
"""Play the aroha then avaroha through the speakers.
Defaults to the sitar voice in **just intonation** (the shruti
tuning a raga is meant to be heard in), with a touch of reverb so
the phrase rings like a hall. Pass ``just=False`` for tempered
12-TET, ``reverb=0`` for a dry run, or any synth name you like.
"""
from .play import _play_for, SAMPLE_RATE
buf = self.render(sa, synth=synth, t=t, envelope=envelope,
just=just, reverb=reverb)
_play_for(buf, ms=int(len(buf) / SAMPLE_RATE * 1000))
# ── lookup ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
[docs]
@classmethod
def get(cls, name: str) -> "Raga":
"""Look up a raga by name (case-insensitive, ignores spaces).
An exact name match always wins over an alias, so a real raga is
never shadowed by another's alternative spelling.
"""
def norm(s):
return s.lower().replace(" ", "").replace("-", "")
key = norm(name)
for raga in _RAGAS.values(): # names first
if key == norm(raga.name):
return raga
for raga in _RAGAS.values(): # then aliases
if any(key == norm(a) for a in raga.aka):
return raga
raise KeyError(f"Unknown raga: {name!r}. "
f"Try Raga.names() for the list.")
[docs]
@classmethod
def all(cls) -> list["Raga"]:
"""Every raga, sorted by name."""
return [_RAGAS[k] for k in sorted(_RAGAS)]
[docs]
@classmethod
def names(cls) -> list[str]:
"""The names of every known raga, sorted."""
return sorted(r.name for r in _RAGAS.values())
[docs]
@classmethod
def by_thaat(cls, thaat: str) -> list["Raga"]:
"""Every raga belonging to the given thaat."""
t = thaat.lower()
return [r for r in cls.all() if r.thaat.lower() == t]
[docs]
@classmethod
def by_time(cls, period: str) -> list["Raga"]:
"""Ragas whose time of day matches (substring, case-insensitive)."""
p = period.lower()
return [r for r in cls.all() if p in r.time.lower()]
[docs]
@classmethod
def by_tradition(cls, tradition: str) -> list["Raga"]:
"""Ragas of a tradition — ``"hindustani"`` or ``"carnatic"``."""
t = tradition.lower()
return [r for r in cls.all() if r.tradition.lower() == t]
[docs]
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"<Raga {self.name} (thaat {self.thaat}, {self.time})>"
def __str__(self) -> str:
return self.name
# ── the ragas ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Common, widely-taught forms. Lowercase swara = komal, uppercase =
# shuddha, M = tivra Ma; trailing ' = upper octave, . = lower octave.
_RAGA_LIST = [
Raga("Yaman", thaat="kalyan",
aroha="N. R G M D N S'", avaroha="S' N D P M G R S",
pakad="N. R G, R, P M G R S", vadi="G", samvadi="N",
time="evening", rasa="serene, romantic", aka=["Kalyan"]),
Raga("Bilawal", thaat="bilawal",
aroha="S R G m P D N S'", avaroha="S' N D P m G R S",
pakad="G R, G P, m G R S", vadi="D", samvadi="G",
time="morning", rasa="cheerful, devotional"),
Raga("Khamaj", thaat="khamaj",
aroha="S G m P D N S'", avaroha="S' n D P m G R S",
pakad="G m P D, m G, P D n D, m G", vadi="G", samvadi="N",
time="night", rasa="romantic, light"),
Raga("Kafi", thaat="kafi",
aroha="S R g m P D n S'", avaroha="S' n D P m g R S",
pakad="S R g, g m, P, D n D P", vadi="P", samvadi="S",
time="night", rasa="playful, spring"),
Raga("Asavari", thaat="asavari",
aroha="S R m P d S'", avaroha="S' n d P m g R S",
pakad="R m P, d, m P g R S", vadi="d", samvadi="g",
time="late morning", rasa="renunciation, pathos"),
Raga("Bhairavi", thaat="bhairavi",
aroha="S r g m P d n S'", avaroha="S' n d P m g r S",
pakad="S, g m P, g r S", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="morning", rasa="devotional, compassion"),
Raga("Bhairav", thaat="bhairav",
aroha="S r G m P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P m G r S",
pakad="S r S, d. N. S, G m P, d P", vadi="d", samvadi="r",
time="dawn", rasa="serious, peaceful, devotional"),
Raga("Todi", thaat="todi",
aroha="S r g M P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P M g r S",
pakad="d. N. S r g, r g r S", vadi="d", samvadi="g",
time="late morning", rasa="intense, yearning",
aka=["Miyan ki Todi"]),
Raga("Marwa", thaat="marwa",
aroha="S r G M D N S'", avaroha="S' N D M G r S",
pakad="D. N. r S, D. r G M G r S", vadi="r", samvadi="D",
time="sunset", rasa="anticipation, restlessness"),
Raga("Purvi", thaat="purvi",
aroha="S r G M P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P M G r S",
pakad="N. r G, M G, M d, P", vadi="G", samvadi="N",
time="sunset", rasa="serious, mystical", aka=["Poorvi"]),
Raga("Bhimpalasi", thaat="kafi",
aroha="n. S g m P n S'", avaroha="S' n D P m g R S",
pakad="n. S m, g m, P, m g R S", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="afternoon", rasa="longing, devotion",
aka=["Bhimpalas", "Bheempalasi"]),
Raga("Bhupali", thaat="kalyan",
aroha="S R G P D S'", avaroha="S' D P G R S",
pakad="G R S D., S R G, P G", vadi="G", samvadi="D",
time="evening", rasa="peaceful, devotional",
aka=["Bhoop", "Bhup"]),
Raga("Malkauns", thaat="bhairavi",
aroha="S g m d n S'", avaroha="S' n d m g S",
pakad="m g, m d n d, m g S", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="late night", rasa="meditative, profound",
aka=["Malkosh", "Malkounts"]),
Raga("Durga", thaat="bilawal",
aroha="S R m P D S'", avaroha="S' D P m R S",
pakad="S R m, P D, m R, P D S'", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="night", rasa="devotional, valour"),
Raga("Desh", thaat="khamaj",
aroha="S R m P N S'", avaroha="S' n D P m G R S",
pakad="R m P, n D P, m G R", vadi="R", samvadi="P",
time="night", rasa="patriotic, monsoon", aka=["Des"]),
Raga("Bageshri", thaat="kafi",
aroha="S g m D n S'", avaroha="S' n D m g R S",
pakad="S g m D, n D, m g R S", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="late night", rasa="longing, union",
aka=["Bageshree", "Bagesri"]),
Raga("Darbari Kanada", thaat="asavari",
aroha="S R g m P d n S'", avaroha="S' d n P m P g m R S",
pakad="R g g S, d. n. S R, P", vadi="R", samvadi="P",
time="midnight", rasa="majestic, serious",
aka=["Darbari", "Darbari Kanada"]),
Raga("Hamsadhwani", thaat="bilawal",
aroha="S R G P N S'", avaroha="S' N P G R S",
pakad="S R G, P N S', N P G R", vadi="G", samvadi="P",
time="evening", rasa="joyful, auspicious",
aka=["Hansadhwani"]),
Raga("Jaunpuri", thaat="asavari",
aroha="S R m P d n S'", avaroha="S' n d P m g R S",
pakad="m P d n d, P, m P g R S", vadi="d", samvadi="g",
time="late morning", rasa="pathos, devotion"),
Raga("Hindol", thaat="kalyan",
aroha="S G M D N S'", avaroha="S' N D M G S",
pakad="S G, M D, N D, M G S", vadi="D", samvadi="G",
time="morning", rasa="joyful, spring"),
Raga("Ahir Bhairav", thaat="bhairav",
aroha="S r G m P D n S'", avaroha="S' n D P m G r S",
pakad="S r, G m, D n D, P", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="early morning", rasa="serene, devotional",
aka=["Ahir Bhairon"]),
Raga("Jogiya", thaat="bhairav",
aroha="S r m P d S'", avaroha="S' n d P m r S",
pakad="m P d, P, m r S", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="early morning", rasa="pathos, renunciation"),
Raga("Sohni", thaat="marwa",
aroha="S G M D N S'", avaroha="S' N D M G r S",
pakad="M D N S', N D M G, M G r S", vadi="D", samvadi="G",
time="late night", rasa="longing, pathos", aka=["Sohini"]),
Raga("Puriya", thaat="marwa",
aroha="N. r G M D N S'", avaroha="S' N D M G r S",
pakad="N. r G, M G, M D N D M G", vadi="G", samvadi="N",
time="evening", rasa="serious, contemplative"),
Raga("Puriya Dhanashri", thaat="purvi",
aroha="S r G M P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P M G r S",
pakad="N. r G, M d, P, M G r G r S", vadi="P", samvadi="r",
time="sunset", rasa="pathos, devotion",
aka=["Puriya Dhanashree", "Poorya Dhanashri"]),
Raga("Shree", thaat="purvi",
aroha="S r M P N S'", avaroha="S' N d P M G r S",
pakad="r r S, N. r S, P P, M G r S", vadi="r", samvadi="P",
time="sunset", rasa="serious, devotional", aka=["Shri", "Sri"]),
Raga("Multani", thaat="todi",
aroha="S g M P N S'", avaroha="S' N d P M g r S",
pakad="N. S g, M g, P g, r S", vadi="P", samvadi="S",
time="afternoon", rasa="serious, yearning"),
Raga("Brindabani Sarang", thaat="kafi",
aroha="S R m P N S'", avaroha="S' n P m R S",
pakad="N. S R, m R, P m R, n P", vadi="R", samvadi="P",
time="afternoon", rasa="bright, restful",
aka=["Vrindavani Sarang", "Brindavani Sarang", "Sarang"]),
Raga("Megh", thaat="kafi",
aroha="S R m P n S'", avaroha="S' n P m R S",
pakad="S R, m R, P, m R n. S", vadi="S", samvadi="P",
time="monsoon", rasa="monsoon, valour", aka=["Megh Malhar"]),
Raga("Shivaranjani", thaat="kafi",
aroha="S R g P D S'", avaroha="S' D P g R S",
pakad="S R g, P, g R S, D. S", vadi="P", samvadi="R",
time="night", rasa="pathos, longing",
aka=["Shivranjani", "Sivaranjani"]),
Raga("Tilang", thaat="khamaj",
aroha="S G m P N S'", avaroha="S' n P m G S",
pakad="S G, m G, P, N S', n P", vadi="G", samvadi="N",
time="night", rasa="light, romantic", aka=["Tilung"]),
Raga("Jhinjhoti", thaat="khamaj",
aroha="S R m P D S'", avaroha="S' n D P m G R S",
pakad="S R m, P D, m G R, n. S", vadi="G", samvadi="D",
time="night", rasa="playful, folk", aka=["Jhinjhuti"]),
Raga("Rageshri", thaat="khamaj",
aroha="S G m D n S'", avaroha="S' n D m G R S",
pakad="S G m D, n D, m G R S", vadi="m", samvadi="S",
time="night", rasa="serene, devotional",
aka=["Rageshree", "Rageshwari"]),
Raga("Kalavati", thaat="khamaj",
aroha="S G P D n S'", avaroha="S' n D P G S",
pakad="S G P, D n D, P G S", vadi="P", samvadi="G",
time="night", rasa="sweet, romantic"),
Raga("Deshkar", thaat="bilawal",
aroha="S R G P D S'", avaroha="S' D P G R S",
pakad="D. S R, G P, D P, G R S", vadi="D", samvadi="G",
time="morning", rasa="bright, expansive"),
Raga("Shankara", thaat="bilawal",
aroha="S G P D N S'", avaroha="S' N D P G R S",
pakad="G P, N S', N D P, G R S", vadi="G", samvadi="N",
time="late night", rasa="majestic, heroic", aka=["Shankra"]),
# ── Carnatic ragas ────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Parent here is the melakarta (the 72-scale system), not a thaat.
# Carnatic practice doesn't bind ragas to a time of day the way
# Hindustani does, so `time` is "any".
Raga("Shankarabharanam", thaat="Dheerashankarabharanam (29)",
tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R G m P D N S'", avaroha="S' N D P m G R S",
vadi="G", samvadi="N", time="any",
rasa="majestic, devotional", aka=["Sankarabharanam"]),
Raga("Kalyani", thaat="Mechakalyani (65)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R G M P D N S'", avaroha="S' N D P M G R S",
vadi="G", samvadi="D", time="any",
rasa="auspicious, grand", aka=["Mechakalyani", "Kalyan"]),
Raga("Kharaharapriya", thaat="Kharaharapriya (22)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R g m P D n S'", avaroha="S' n D P m g R S",
vadi="P", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="pathos, longing"),
Raga("Hanumatodi", thaat="Hanumatodi (8)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S r g m P d n S'", avaroha="S' n d P m g r S",
vadi="d", samvadi="g", time="any", rasa="serious, devotional",
aka=["Todi (Carnatic)"]),
Raga("Mayamalavagowla", thaat="Mayamalavagowla (15)",
tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S r G m P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P m G r S",
vadi="d", samvadi="r", time="any",
rasa="serious, devotional (the first scale taught)",
aka=["Malahari parent"]),
Raga("Mohanam", thaat="Harikambhoji (28)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R G P D S'", avaroha="S' D P G R S",
vadi="G", samvadi="D", time="any", rasa="cheerful, devotional"),
Raga("Hindolam", thaat="Natabhairavi (20)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S g m d n S'", avaroha="S' n d m g S",
vadi="m", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="meditative, profound"),
Raga("Abhogi", thaat="Kharaharapriya (22)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R g m D S'", avaroha="S' D m g R S",
vadi="m", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="pleasing, tender"),
Raga("Charukesi", thaat="Charukesi (26)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R G m P d n S'", avaroha="S' n d P m G R S",
vadi="P", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="bittersweet"),
Raga("Keeravani", thaat="Keeravani (21)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R g m P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P m g R S",
vadi="P", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="romantic, plaintive",
aka=["Kirwani"]),
Raga("Natabhairavi", thaat="Natabhairavi (20)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R g m P d n S'", avaroha="S' n d P m g R S",
vadi="m", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="solemn",
aka=["Asavari equivalent"]),
Raga("Kambhoji", thaat="Harikambhoji (28)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R G m P D S'", avaroha="S' n D P m G R S",
vadi="G", samvadi="P", time="any", rasa="majestic"),
Raga("Shanmukhapriya", thaat="Shanmukhapriya (56)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R g M P d n S'", avaroha="S' n d P M g R S",
vadi="d", samvadi="g", time="any", rasa="intense, yearning"),
Raga("Simhendramadhyamam", thaat="Simhendramadhyamam (57)",
tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R g M P d N S'", avaroha="S' N d P M g R S",
vadi="d", samvadi="g", time="any", rasa="grand, serious"),
Raga("Madhyamavati", thaat="Kharaharapriya (22)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R m P n S'", avaroha="S' n P m R S",
vadi="R", samvadi="P", time="any",
rasa="auspicious (sung to close a concert)"),
Raga("Bilahari", thaat="Dheerashankarabharanam (29)",
tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R G P D S'", avaroha="S' N D P m G R S",
vadi="R", samvadi="P", time="any", rasa="joyful, festive"),
Raga("Saveri", thaat="Mayamalavagowla (15)", tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S r m P d S'", avaroha="S' N d P m G r S",
vadi="d", samvadi="r", time="any", rasa="devotional, plaintive"),
Raga("Shuddha Saveri", thaat="Dheerashankarabharanam (29)",
tradition="carnatic",
aroha="S R m P D S'", avaroha="S' D P m R S",
vadi="m", samvadi="S", time="any", rasa="bright, austere"),
]
_RAGAS = {r.name.lower(): r for r in _RAGA_LIST}
